References¶

This page contains the complete bibliography of scientific literature referenced in PyStrata documentation and implementation.

Core References¶

The theoretical foundation of PyStrata is based on these seminal works in geotechnical earthquake engineering and computational seismology.

Fundamental Texts

[Kramer, 1996] provides comprehensive coverage of geotechnical earthquake engineering principles, including site response analysis methods. [Ishihara, 1996] covers soil behavior in earthquake geotechnics with emphasis on dynamic soil properties and nonlinear response.

Wave Propagation Theory

The mathematical foundation for one-dimensional wave propagation in layered media comes from [Thomson, 1950] and [Haskell, 1953], who developed the propagator matrix method for elastic wave transmission through stratified media.

Classical Site Response Methods¶

SHAKE Family of Codes

The equivalent linear method was first implemented in [Schnabel et al., 1972] with the SHAKE program. [Idriss and Sun, 1992] extended this work with improved algorithms and broader applicability.

Soil Dynamics and Nonlinearity

Laboratory studies by [Seed and Idriss, 1987] established fundamental relationships for modulus reduction and damping in soils. [Darendeli, 2001] developed normalized curves for a wide range of soil types, while [Zhang et al., 2005] provided alternative formulations for specific conditions.

Advanced Methods¶

Frequency Domain Methods

[Kausel and Assimaki, 2002] and [Yoshida et al., 2002] developed advanced frequency-domain approaches for incorporating soil nonlinearity more accurately than traditional equivalent linear methods.

Uncertainty Quantification

[Bommer and Crowley, 2006] provides guidance on uncertainty treatment in earthquake loss modeling. [Toro, 1995] developed probabilistic models for site velocity profiles used in generic site response studies.

Validation and Benchmarking¶

Laboratory and Field Studies

Validation of site response methods relies on high-quality experimental data. [Matasovic and Vucetic, 1995] and [Zeghal et al., 1995] analyzed recorded earthquake data, while [Kutter et al., 2018] provides modern centrifuge validation data through the LEAP project.

Computational Tools

PyStrata results have been compared against established codes including [Hashash et al., 2016] (DEEPSOIL), [McKenna et al., 2011] (OpenSees), and [Kottke and Rathje, 2013] (STRATA) to ensure consistency and accuracy.

Random Vibration Theory¶

Ground Motion Simulation

[Boore, 2003] provides the theoretical foundation for stochastic ground motion simulation used in RVT approaches. Peak factor calculations draw from [Cartwright and Longuet-Higgins, 1956] and [Vanmarcke, 1975].

Complete Bibliography¶

[1] (1,2)

Julian J Bommer and Helen Crowley. The influence of ground-motion variability in earthquake loss modelling. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 4(3):231–248, 2006. doi:10.1007/s10518-006-9008-z.

[2] (1,2)

David M Boore. Simulation of ground motion using the stochastic method. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 160(3-4):635–676, 2003. doi:10.1007/PL00012553.

[3]

DE Cartwright and Michael S Longuet-Higgins. The statistical distribution of the maxima of a random function. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences, 237(1209):212–232, 1956. doi:10.1098/rspa.1956.0173.

[4] (1,2)

Mehmet Baris Darendeli. Development of a new family of normalized modulus reduction and material damping curves. PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 2001.

[5]

Youssef MA Hashash, Matthew I Musgrove, Jeffrey A Harmon, Diane R Groholski, Camilo A Phillips, and Duijin Park. Deepsoil 7.0, user manual. 2016.

[6]

Norman A Haskell. The dispersion of surface waves on multilayered media. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 43(1):17–34, 1953.

[7]

IM Idriss and Joseph I Sun. Shake91: a computer program for conducting equivalent linear seismic response analyses of horizontally layered soil deposits. Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 1992.

[8]

Kenji Ishihara. Soil behaviour in earthquake geotechnics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1996. ISBN 0198562411.

[9]

Eduardo Kausel and Dominic Assimaki. Seismic simulation of inelastic soils via frequency-dependent moduli and damping. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 128(1):34–47, 2002.

[10]

missing journal in Kottke2013

[11]

Steven L Kramer. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996. ISBN 0133749436.

[12]

Bruce L Kutter, Trevor J Carey, Tomohiro Hashimoto, Mourad Zeghal, Tarek Abdoun, Panagiota Kokkali, Gopal Madabhushi, Stuart Haigh, Francesca Burali d'Arezzo, S Prasanna Gopal Madabhushi, and others. Leap-ucd-2017 comparison exercise. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 113:616–628, 2018. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.018.

[13]

Neven Matasovic and Mladen Vucetic. Seismic response of composite horizontally-layered soil deposits. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1995.

[14]

Frank McKenna, Gregory L Fenves, and Michael H Scott. Opensees: a framework for earthquake engineering simulation. 2011. doi:10.1109/MCSE.2011.66.

[15] (1,2)

Per Bjerrum Schnabel, John Lysmer, and H Bolton Seed. Shake: a computer program for earthquake response analysis of horizontally layered sites. Technical Report EERC 72-12, University of California, Berkeley, 1972.

[16]

H Bolton Seed and I M Idriss. Moduli and damping factors for dynamic analyses of cohesionless soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 113(11):1261–1276, 1987. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1987)113:11(1261).

[17]

William T Thomson. Transmission of elastic waves through a stratified solid medium. Journal of Applied Physics, 21(2):89–93, 1950. doi:10.1063/1.1699629.

[18]

missing journal in Toro1995

[19]

Erik H Vanmarcke. On the distribution of the first-passage time for normal stationary random processes. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 42(1):215–220, 1975. doi:10.1115/1.3423521.

[20]

Nozomu Yoshida, Susumu Kobayashi, Ikuo Suetomi, and Kazuhiko Miura. Equivalent linear method considering frequency dependent characteristics of stiffness and damping. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22(3):205–222, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00011-8.

[21]

Mourad Zeghal, Ahmed W Elgamal, Hoe T Tang, and J Carl Stepp. Analysis of site liquefaction using earthquake records. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 121(4):329–338, 1995. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1995)121:4(329).

[22]

Jimin Zhang, Ronald D Andrus, and C Hsein Juang. Nonlinear refraction of p-waves in layered media. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(10):1238–1247, 2005. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:10(1238).

How to Cite PyStrata¶

If you use PyStrata in your research or professional work, please cite it as:

@misc{pystrata,
  title={PyStrata: A Python library for seismic site response analysis},
  author={Kottke, Albert R},
  year={2024},
  publisher={GitHub},
  url={https://github.com/arkottke/pystrata},
  note={Version X.X.X}
}

Additionally, please cite the relevant methodological papers for the specific methods you use:

Equivalent Linear Method: [Schnabel et al., 1972]
Random Vibration Theory: [Boore, 2003]
Darendeli Soil Models: [Darendeli, 2001]
Logic Tree Approach: [Bommer and Crowley, 2006]

Contributing References¶

If you notice missing or incorrect references, or would like to add citations for new methods implemented in PyStrata:

Add the reference to docs/refs.bib in BibTeX format
Update the relevant documentation with :cite:p:`key` citations
Submit a pull request with your changes

For formatting guidelines, see our Contributing to PyStrata guide.